Pope Pius V issued the papal bull Regnans in Excelsis, excommunicating Queen Elizabeth I and intensifying religious conflict between Protestant England and Catholic Europe.

Pope Gregory XIII issued the papal bull establishing the Gregorian calendar, reforming timekeeping across the Christian world and aligning the liturgical year more accurately.

Henry IV was crowned King of France at Chartres Cathedral, bringing stability to a nation torn apart by decades of devastating religious wars between Catholics and Huguenots.